In den Projekten der Geschichtswerkstatt Europa, die sich mit den Begriffen Opfer und Täter auseinandersetzen, geht es um die Schärfung des Blicks für den Handlungsspielraum einzelner Gruppen von Betroffenen und Akteuren, die in die Kernkonflikte des Zwanzigsten Jahrhunderts verwickelt waren. Ziel ist die Sensibilisierung für die gesellschaftlichen Aushandlungsprozesse, in denen erst nach Ende der Kämpfe verhandelt wird, wer als Opfer und wer als Täter gilt, aber auch welche Gruppen verschwiegen werden.
Darüber hinaus gewinnen die oft als passive Beobachter wahrgenommenen Zeitzeugen in den Projekten selbst die Möglichkeit, rückblickend als Akteure aufzutreten, deren Entscheidungen auf der Mikroebene etwas bewirkt haben. Damit verbunden ist die Subjektwerdung von Opfern genauso wie die Entdämonisierung von Tätern, die jenseits ihrer Stigmatisierung als Inkarnation des Bösen als Akteure verstanden werden, die rationale Entscheidungen vollzogen.
[alias] => zwischen-opfern-und-taetern [image] => media/themen/Siemczyno Dorfbewohner unbekannt Foto BV.jpg [title_en] => Between victims and perpetrators [description_en] =>The projects of Geschichtswerkstatt Europa which explore the concepts of the victim and the perpetrator examine the scope of action of individual groups of people affected by and involved in the major conflicts of the 20th century. The aim is to understand the post-conflict brokering process whereby societies determined who was the victim and who the perpetrator, and which groups to suppress.
The projects give contemporary witnesses, who are often perceived as passive observers, the opportunity to recast themselves retrospectively as active players whose decisions were effective on the micro level. This involves making the victims the subject and de-demonizing the perpetrators who, when no longer stigmatised as evil incarnate, can be seen as active players who made rational decisions.
[parentJumpTo] => 0 [parentLink] => View the item details [parentUrl] => project-details/items/1337176524.html ) [3] => Array ( [id] => 6 [pid] => 3 [sorting] => 224 [tstamp] => 1257842186 [title_de] => Die Perspektive der Zeitzeugen [description_de] =>Die Geschichtswerkstatt Europa fragt zum Beginn des 21. Jahrhunderts nach der Zukunft der Erinnerung an den Zweiten Weltkrieg, da mit dem langsamen Ableben der Erlebnisgeneration eine Veränderung in den europäischen Erinnerungskulturen erfolgt. "Der Zeitzeuge", der bisher als scheinbar direkter Berichterstatter für vermeintliche Authentizität stand, legitimiert nicht mehr die kulturelle Praxis des Erinnerns an die Katastrophen des 20. Jahrhundert. Die Vermittlung von Ursachen und Konsequenzen dieser steht vor neuen methodischen, moralischen und didaktischen Herausforderungen.
Daraus ergibt sich die Frage, wie die Nachgeborenen heute kritisch mit den Zeugnissen ganz unterschiedlicher Erlebnisgenerationen umgehen. Wie können sie, ohne die Wahrhaftigkeit dieser Erzählungen anzuzweifeln, die so entstandenen Texte in ihrem selbst geschaffenen Entstehungskontext dechiffrieren und Erzählmuster sowie -strategien erkennen? Wie ist es möglich, Zeitzeugen im Prozess des kritischen Umgangs mit der durch den Forscher und Zeitgenossen selbstgeschaffenen hermeneutischen Situation nicht als "lebendigen Text" sondern als individuellen Menschen wahrzunehmen? Wie kann das Wechselspiel aus Annäherung und Distanzierung im Spannungsfeld von Empathie und Analyse einen Gewinn für die Zeitzeugen und die Fragenden entwickeln?
Um diesen Fragen nachzugehen, stellen verschiedene Projekte der Geschichtswerkstatt Europa unterschiedliche Gruppen von Zeitzeugen in den Mittelpunkt ihres Projektes. Andere Projekte verwenden Oral History Interviews zur zusätzlichen Kontextualisierung ihrer Suchbewegungen. Was Ihnen gemein ist: Sie gehören zu den letzten Projekten, die diese Quelle von Legitimation ihrer Arbeit zur Geschichte des Zweiten Weltkriegs und des Holocaust direkt in Anspruch nehmen können.
[alias] => die-perspektive-der-zeitzeugen [image] => media/themen/Elektrosila Zeitzeugin FA.jpg [title_en] => The perspective of contemporary witnesses [description_en] =>
At the beginning of the 21st century, Geschichtswerkstatt Europa asks about the future of remembrance regarding the Second World War, as changes are occuring in European cultures of memory through the gradual waning away of witnesses taht are able to give a first-hand account. Having called on the implicit authenticity of first-hand reporters, nowadays contemporary wittnesses alone are no longer able to legitimise the cultural practice of remembering the catastrophes of 20th century history. The discussion of reasons and consequences of these confronts us with new methodical, moral and didactical challenges.
How can younger generations critically come to terms with the accounts of different generations, sharing different experiences? How can they look behind the codes, patterns and strategies of accounts within the specific contexts from which they emanated, without questioning their validity as a whole? How is it possible to keep perceiving wittnesses as individuals in their own right within a hermeneutical process that subjects them to critical scrutiny? How can the simultaneous actions of approaching and distancing oneself, while constantly transgressing the borders of empathical proximity and analytical distance, be of gain to both wittnesses and researchers?
In order to follow up on these questions, different projects of Geschichtswerkstatt Europa have put contemporary wittnesses into the focus of their undertakings. Other projects employ the methods of Oral History in order to further contextualise their research. What unites them: they are among the last projects that will be able to call on this source of legitimisation of their dealing with the history of World War Two and the Holocaust.
Geschichte hat immer eine zeitliche und eine räumliche Dimension. Während die Chronologie zu einer Grundstruktur von erzählter Geschichte geworden ist, geriet die Analyse von räumlichen Strukturen über lange Zeit ins Hintertreffen. Inspiriert von den Ideen Karl Schlögels bietet die Geschichtswerkstatt Europa einen Rahmen, um Europa als Raum neu zu vermessen und ihn gedanklich neu zusammenzufügen. Dafür sind die Exkursion und die Besichtigung der Orte selbst zu einem prägenden Element vieler Projekte geworden.
Ein wichtiges Konzept, in dem Erinnerung als Identität stiftender Prozess mit einer räumlichen Dimension verknüpft wurde, ist in den lieux de mémoire bzw. Erinnerungsorten auszumachen, die nach Pierre Nora von Hagen Schulze, Etienne François und anderen weiter entwickelt wurden. In den Projekten der Geschichtswerkstatt Europa werden europäische Kulturlandschaften nach jenen Kristallisationspunkten untersucht, die generationenübergreifend eine starkes Potenzial zur Schaffung kollektiver Identität aufweisen.
[alias] => analyse-von-erinnerungsraeumen [image] => media/methoden/Kuestrin Obelisk Aufnahme BV.JPG [title_en] => Analysis of sites of remembrance [description_en] =>History always has both a temporal and a spatial dimension. As chronology has become the fundamental structure of narrated history, the analysis of spatial structures has long been neglected. Inspired by the ideas of Karl Schlögel, Geschichtswerkstatt Europa provides the opportunity to reconsider Europe as a space and to reconstruct it intellectually. Excursions and site visits are therefore a vital element of many projects.
The terms lieux de mémoire or sites of memory/remembrace (Erinnerungsorten) developed by Hagen Schulze, Etienne François and others after Pierre Nora, conceptualise memory/remembrance as an identity-forming process with a spatial dimension. The projects of Geschichtswerkstatt Europa look for these ‚points of crystallisation’ in European cultural landscapes which offer the greatest potential for collective identity creation across the generations.
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Dies ist nicht möglich, ohne Oral History als Methode, aber auch mit Blick auf die durch sie gewonnenen Erkenntnisse, kritisch anzuwenden: Eine Auseinandersetzung mit der Erinnerung an die Gewalterfahrungen im 20. Jahrhundert muss individuelle wie kollektive, staatlich initiierte wie gesellschaftlich gepflegte Gedächtnisse gleichermaßen berücksichtigen und zu einander in Beziehung setzen.
[alias] => oral-history [image] => media/methoden/Neumark Exkursion Zeitzeugen Gespraech CaroMekelburg.JPG [title_en] => Oral history [description_en] =>Established as a source of historical knowledge only after the Second World War, today the decline of contemporary witnesses is debated. Central to the debate is the presumed loss of a particularly valuable link to history. Oral history is key to the projects of Geschichtswerkstatt Europa, allowing the young Europeans a more intensive and direct engagement with the conflicts of the 20th century and remembrance of them.
This would not be possible without the method of oral history or the ability to critically apply the knowledge gathered in this way. Any discussion of remembrance of the conflicts of the 20th century must take into account both individual and collective memories, those cultivated by the state and society and consider them alongside one another.
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In 2008 he graduated from the Graduate School for Social Research with dissertation on concentration camp survivors’ narratives. In years 2002-2011 he was engaged at the KARTA Center in Warsaw – Polish non-governmental organization active in the field of historical documentation and research, where he conducted and coordinated various oral history projects, most of them with camp survivors and former forced labourers. He is a co-founder and permanent collaborator of the Oral History Archive created and run by KARTA Center and the History Meeting House in Warsaw, member of the Intradepartmental Social Memory Section at the Institute of Sociology, University of Warsaw and Chairman of the Polish Oral History Association. His research interests are focused on exploring complicated relationship between individual and collective experiences – memories – and narratives. [description_en] => Piotr Filipkowski, born 1977, works as researcher at the Institute of Philosophy and Sociology at the Polish Academy of Sciences. In 2008 he graduated from the Graduate School for Social Research with dissertation on concentration camp survivors’ narratives. In years 2002-2011 he was engaged at the KARTA Center in Warsaw – Polish non-governmental organization active in the field of historical documentation and research, where he conducted and coordinated various oral history projects, most of them with camp survivors and former forced labourers. He is a co-founder and permanent collaborator of the Oral History Archive created and run by KARTA Center and the History Meeting House in Warsaw, member of the Intradepartmental Social Memory Section at the Institute of Sociology, University of Warsaw and Chairman of the Polish Oral History Association. His research interests are focused on exploring complicated relationship between individual and collective experiences – memories – and narratives. 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During his studies he worked as a journalist in regions with strong ethnical tensions (Kosovo, Macedonia). This period teached him trying to understand both sides of every conflict. He is permanent co-worker of the Oral History Programme at KARTA Center in Warszawa and takes part in various oral history projects connected with saving memories of witnesses of the 20th century (for example “Poles in the East”). His main interests are history and culture of populations living in the borderlands in the East and South-East Europe as well as history of the persecution of the Church in these regions. [description_en] => Grzegorz Kaczorowski lives in Poznań and studied theology at Adam Mickiewicz University. During his studies he worked as a journalist in regions with strong ethnical tensions (Kosovo, Macedonia). This period teached him trying to understand both sides of every conflict. He is permanent co-worker of the Oral History Programme at KARTA Center in Warszawa and takes part in various oral history projects connected with saving memories of witnesses of the 20th century (for example “Poles in the East”). His main interests are history and culture of populations living in the borderlands in the East and South-East Europe as well as history of the persecution of the Church in these regions. 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She graduated in 2007 with a thesis on the politics of history regarding the current German discourse on „expulsions“. Ever since, she has in one way or another been involved in this subject. Currently, her main interest lies in Polish narratives on WWII. She enjoys listening to people‘s interpretations of their family history and is a big fan of radio features. During the last years, she has worked in NGOs, archives, and as a freelance journalist. [description_en] => Katharina Zeiher (Berlin) studied political sciences at Freie Universität, where she specialized in memory cultures and 20th century history. She graduated in 2007 with a thesis on the politics of history regarding the current German discourse on „expulsions“. Ever since, she has in one way or another been involved in this subject. Currently, her main interest lies in Polish narratives on WWII. She enjoys listening to people‘s interpretations of their family history and is a big fan of radio features. During the last years, she has worked in NGOs, archives, and as a freelance journalist. [officehours] => [room] => [building] => [department] => [joined] => [address2] => [resigned] => [groupselection] => 0 [agreement] => [publications_de] => [publications_en] => [member_pages] => a:1:{i:0;i:392;} [avatar] => media/avatars/member_535.jpeg [description] => [workscope] => ) ) ) [tender] => Array ( [label] => Ausschreibung des Projekts [type] => select [raw] => 6 [value] => KRIEG, NACHKRIEG, KALTER KRIEG [ref] => Array ( [1] => Array ( [id] => 6 [pid] => 9 [sorting] => 32 [tstamp] => 1333529680 [title_de] => KRIEG, NACHKRIEG, KALTER KRIEG [alias] => krieg-nachkrieg-kalter-krieg [description_de] =>
ERINNERUNGEN AN DEN ZWEITEN WELTKRIEG IM ZEICHEN DES NEUANFANGS (1945 BIS 1960)
Der Zweite Weltkrieg und der aus ihm hervorgehende Kalte Krieg führten zu einer nachhaltigen Spaltung Europas. Diese zeigt sich bis heute in den stark unterschiedlichen Erinnerungskulturen der europäischen Gesellschaften. Die Geschichtswerkstatt Europa 2012 fördert Projekte die das Nachwirken des Zweiten Weltkriegs in den europäischen Gesellschaften in den ersten 15 Jahren nach Kriegsende untersuchen. Die internationalen Projekte sollen damit einen Beitrag zum Verständnis der Formierungsphase europäischer Erinnerungskulturen leisten.
Die Projekte sollen auf einem von drei Themenfeldern angesiedelt sein, die den Umgang mit den Erinnerungen an die Kriegszeit in der Nachkriegszeit besonders prägen: Rückkehr, Transfer und Geschichtspolitik.
REMEMBRANCES OF WORLD WAR II AND THE NEW BEGINNING OF THE POST-WAR YEARS (1945–1960)
The Second World War and subsequently the Cold War led Europe into a state of enduring division. Evidence of this can be seen today in the greatly differing cultures of memory and remembrance in European societies. In the programme year 2012, Geschichtswerkstatt Europa funds projects that examine the after effects of the Second World War on European societies in the first 15 post-war years. These international projects should make a contribution to our understanding of the formative years of European cultures of remembrance.
The projects should consider one of three topic areas – each of which particularly highlights the different practises of remembrance of the war in the post war years: going back, exchange and the politics of history.
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[value] =>Die Gewinnung neuen "Lebensraums" stand im Zentrum der nationalsozialistischen Bevölkerungspolitik im besetzten Polen. Aus den von Deutschland annektierten Gebieten im Westen des Landes wurde die ansässige polnische Bevölkerung vertrieben, deportiert und ermordet, um Platz zu schaffen für die Ansiedlung vermeintlich deutscher Minderheiten. Als "Mustergau" der Germanisierungspolitik galt die Region um Poznań, Kalisz und bald auch Łódź - der "Reichsgau Wartheland". Hierhin wurden große Gruppen der Umsiedler aus Bessarabien, dem Baltikum und Wolhynien gelenkt, während viele der polnischen Bewohner aus ihren Häusern vertrieben und innerhalb des Warthegaus umgesiedelt, in Lagern inhaftiert oder ins Generalgouvernement abgeschoben wurden. In unserem Projekt wollen wir untersuchen, wie diese Umsiedlungen und Vertreibungen in der Nachkriegszeit erinnert wurden. Wie sprachen die betroffenen Gruppen über ihre Erlebnisse? Fanden ihre Erzählungen Eingang in die Erinnerungskulturen oder wurden sie marginalisiert?
) [description_en] => Array ( [label] => Beschreibung des Projektes, englisch [type] => longtext [raw] =>National Socialist population policy in occupied Poland focused on creating new „Lebensraum“ for Germany by re-settling supposedly German minorities, and making room for them by deporting, expelling, and exterminating the autochthonous population. The newly established “Reichsgau Wartheland”, including the cities of Poznań, Kalisz, and soon after Łódź, was to become a model for the politics of Germanisation. Here, the largest number of German resettlers from regions such as Bessarabia, the Baltic, or Wolhynia found their new “living space” – while an even bigger group of Poles was forced to leave their homes and deported to other places within the region, to camps or to the General Gouvernement. In our project, we want to explore how the subject of resettlements and deportations which took place in Wartheland has been remembered in the post-war period. How did the affected population talk about their experiences? Were these narratives echoed, enforced, or marginalised?
[value] =>National Socialist population policy in occupied Poland focused on creating new „Lebensraum“ for Germany by re-settling supposedly German minorities, and making room for them by deporting, expelling, and exterminating the autochthonous population. The newly established “Reichsgau Wartheland”, including the cities of Poznań, Kalisz, and soon after Łódź, was to become a model for the politics of Germanisation. Here, the largest number of German resettlers from regions such as Bessarabia, the Baltic, or Wolhynia found their new “living space” – while an even bigger group of Poles was forced to leave their homes and deported to other places within the region, to camps or to the General Gouvernement. In our project, we want to explore how the subject of resettlements and deportations which took place in Wartheland has been remembered in the post-war period. How did the affected population talk about their experiences? Were these narratives echoed, enforced, or marginalised?
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Absent Stories and Collective Narratives: National Socialist Population Politics in "Reichsgau Wartheland" and its Remembrance During the Post War Years
National Socialist population policy in occupied Poland focused on creating new „Lebensraum“ for Germany by re-settling supposedly German minorities, and making room for them by deporting, expelling, and exterminating the autochthonous population. The newly established “Reichsgau Wartheland”, including the cities of Poznań, Kalisz, and soon after Łódź, was to become a model for the politics of Germanisation. Here, the largest number of German resettlers from regions such as Bessarabia, the Baltic, or Wolhynia found their new “living space” – while an even bigger group of Poles was forced to leave their homes and deported to other places within the region, to camps or to the General Gouvernement. In our project, we want to explore how the subject of resettlements and deportations which took place in Wartheland has been remembered in the post-war period. How did the affected population talk about their experiences? Were these narratives echoed, enforced, or marginalised?
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