Die zunehmende Integration Europas hat bisher nicht zur Entstehung einer europäischen Erinnerung geführt. Zeitgleich zu ersten Versuchen wie dem Musée de l’Europe dennoch einen entsprechenden Kanon von Erzählungen zu etablieren, beobachten wir eine Renaissance nationalstaatlicher Deutungsversuche, die zunehmend von Regierungen ideologisch instrumentalisiert werden, um der Bevölkerung eine bestimmte Version der Vergangenheit zu vermitteln. Diese Strategien treffen immer wieder auf den Widerstand einzelner Gruppen.
Diese Akteure kritisieren einerseits grundsätzlich den Einfluss des Staates bei der Kreation von Erzählungen und setzen sich für ihre eigene Version des Vergangenen ein. Im Rahmen der Geschichtswerkstatt Europa werden diese Aushandlungsprozesse anhand von Diskussionen um Jubiläen, Museen und Denkmäler kritisch verfolgt und die Rolle zivilgesellschaftlicher und wissenschaftlicher Akteure reflektiert.
[alias] => monopol-staatlicher-geschichtspolitik [image] => media/themen/Minsk Museum FA.jpg [title_en] => Monopoly of state politics of history (Geschichtspolitik)? [description_en] =>The increasing integration of Europe has not so far given rise to a unified European remembrance culture. Along with the first attempts to establish a canon of narratives, by for instance the Musée de l’Europe, there has been a resurgence of state-centred interpretations, which are increasingly used as ideological instruments by governments to project to the population a particular version of history. These strategies frequently encounter resistance from individual groups.
These groups criticise the influence of the state in the creation of narratives and advance their own version of history. Geschichtswerkstatt Europa examines this process of negotiation through discussion of commemorative days, museums, memorials and the role of civil society organisations and academics.
[parentJumpTo] => 0 [parentLink] => Die Eigenschaften des Eintrags anschauen [parentUrl] => abgelaufenes-projekt-details/items/cityscapes.html ) ) ) [methods] => Array ( [label] => Methoden, die dem Projekt zugeordnet sind [type] => tags [raw] => 1,6,7,9 [value] => Analyse von Erinnerungsräumen, Quellen kritisch lesen, Europäischer Vergleich, Transkulturelle Reflexion [ref] => Array ( [1] => Array ( [id] => 1 [pid] => 4 [sorting] => 128 [tstamp] => 1248196729 [title_de] => Analyse von Erinnerungsräumen [description_de] =>Geschichte hat immer eine zeitliche und eine räumliche Dimension. Während die Chronologie zu einer Grundstruktur von erzählter Geschichte geworden ist, geriet die Analyse von räumlichen Strukturen über lange Zeit ins Hintertreffen. Inspiriert von den Ideen Karl Schlögels bietet die Geschichtswerkstatt Europa einen Rahmen, um Europa als Raum neu zu vermessen und ihn gedanklich neu zusammenzufügen. Dafür sind die Exkursion und die Besichtigung der Orte selbst zu einem prägenden Element vieler Projekte geworden.
Ein wichtiges Konzept, in dem Erinnerung als Identität stiftender Prozess mit einer räumlichen Dimension verknüpft wurde, ist in den lieux de mémoire bzw. Erinnerungsorten auszumachen, die nach Pierre Nora von Hagen Schulze, Etienne François und anderen weiter entwickelt wurden. In den Projekten der Geschichtswerkstatt Europa werden europäische Kulturlandschaften nach jenen Kristallisationspunkten untersucht, die generationenübergreifend eine starkes Potenzial zur Schaffung kollektiver Identität aufweisen.
[alias] => analyse-von-erinnerungsraeumen [image] => media/methoden/Kuestrin Obelisk Aufnahme BV.JPG [title_en] => Analysis of sites of remembrance [description_en] =>History always has both a temporal and a spatial dimension. As chronology has become the fundamental structure of narrated history, the analysis of spatial structures has long been neglected. Inspired by the ideas of Karl Schlögel, Geschichtswerkstatt Europa provides the opportunity to reconsider Europe as a space and to reconstruct it intellectually. Excursions and site visits are therefore a vital element of many projects.
The terms lieux de mémoire or sites of memory/remembrace (Erinnerungsorten) developed by Hagen Schulze, Etienne François and others after Pierre Nora, conceptualise memory/remembrance as an identity-forming process with a spatial dimension. The projects of Geschichtswerkstatt Europa look for these ‚points of crystallisation’ in European cultural landscapes which offer the greatest potential for collective identity creation across the generations.
[parentJumpTo] => 0 [parentLink] => Die Eigenschaften des Eintrags anschauen [parentUrl] => abgelaufenes-projekt-details/items/cityscapes.html ) [3] => Array ( [id] => 6 [pid] => 4 [sorting] => 512 [tstamp] => 1248196805 [title_de] => Quellen kritisch lesen [description_de] =>Im Rahmen der Geschichtswerkstatt Europa werden europäische Erinnerungskulturen untersucht. Oft handelt es sich dabei um so genannte Geschichte Zweiten Grades, die bereits in aufbereiteter Form analysiert wird. Dennoch ist auch diese Rezeptionsgeschichte bereits ein Vorgang, der sich in diesen Zeugnissen niederschlägt. Deshalb wird in den Projekten der Geschichtswerkstatt Europa ihr Entstehungskontext beachtet und das Handwerkszeug der Quellenkritik angewandt.
So ist es möglich, so genannte Sekundärquellen als Primärquellen zu lesen und zu analysieren, welche Aussagen sie über die Verarbeitung und Vermittlung von Wissen zulassen. Der kritische Umgang mit sowie die sorgfältige Analyse von Dokumenten lässt sich auch auf andere Quellengattungen wie das Internet, Plakate, Inschriften übertragen.
[alias] => quellen-kritisch-lesen [image] => media/methoden/Trabantseminar Studium FA.jpg [title_en] => Reading sources critically [description_en] =>Geschichtswerkstatt Europa examines European remembrance cultures. This often involves so-called secondary history, which is analysed in its pre-processed form. However, reception history is an approach which is already reflected in these testimonies. Therefore, project teams scrutinise the context in which testimonies were created and apply the skills of reading sources critically.
It is therefore possible to read secondary sources as primary sources and to analyse what they reveal about the manipulation and mediation of knowledge. This critical engagement with documents alongside their close analysis can be transferred to other sources such as the internet, posters and inscr
[parentJumpTo] => 0 [parentLink] => Die Eigenschaften des Eintrags anschauen [parentUrl] => abgelaufenes-projekt-details/items/cityscapes.html ) [5] => Array ( [id] => 7 [pid] => 4 [sorting] => 640 [tstamp] => 1248196889 [title_de] => Europäischer Vergleich [description_de] =>Im Rahmen der Geschichtswerkstatt Europa wird der systematische Vergleich in Verbindung mit anderen Methoden eingesetzt, weil er das Potenzial zu einer vertiefenden Analyse bietet und über eine rein nationale Sichtweise hinaus weist. Dabei werden am Projektbeginn Parameter festgelegt, nach denen sich zwei Fälle, zwei Orte oder zwei Perspektiven bezüglich ihrer Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede befragen lassen.
Die potenzielle Gefahr einer Nationalisierung im Vergleich zweier exemplarischer Beispiele wird im Rahmen der Geschichtswerkstatt Europa nicht gänzlich überwunden. Es wird in den einzelnen Projekten aber der Versuch unternommen, kulturelle Transferprozesse zu erkennen, die eine innere Dynamik bzw. Vernetzung zwischen den gewählten Beispielen aufzeigt und dort ihr Verhältnis selbst zum Thema der Untersuchung macht.
[alias] => europaeischer-vergleich [image] => media/methoden/Neumark Exkursion Bruecke Hohenwutzen CaroMekelburg.JPG [title_en] => European comparison [description_en] =>Geschichtswerkstatt Europa uses systematic comparison in conjunction with other methods, because it allows for a deeper analysis which moves beyond a purely national viewpoint. At the start of a project, the parameters are determined for a comparison of the similarities and differences of two cases, geographical locations or perspectives.
The potential danger of nationalisation when comparing two examples is not entirely avoided by Geschichtswerkstatt Europa. However, the individual projects attempt to acknowledge the process of cultural transfer, which reveals the inner dynamic or links between the two chosen examples and shapes their relationship to the theme of the investigation.
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Oft löst in den interdisziplinären Projekten gerade die Einsicht in unterschiedliche kulturelle und wissenschaftliche Sozialisationen Krisen aus. Diese werden in der Geschichtswerkstatt Europa nicht vermieden, sondern als Kernbestandteil der Projektarbeit thematisiert. Die Chance einer Bewältigung dieser Krisen besteht darin, die Bedeutung von eigenen nationalen Prägungen gegenseitig zu hinterfragen und diese zu relativieren, indem durch die Konfrontation der eigenen Wissenskultur mit anderen Grundannahmen scheinbare Gewissheiten ins Wanken geraten.
[alias] => transkulturelle-reflexion [image] => media/methoden/TadO2008 Schloegel u Garai Gespraech GB.JPG [title_en] => Transcultural reflection [description_en] =>It is fundamental to Geschichtswerkstatt Europa that the projects bring together participants from different cultures to work on one theme. From the outset the projects therefore involve dialogue, which reveals the limitations of collective discussions. It is only in the course of the project work that differences become apparent, as well as cultural conditioning, dependent on how and why the participants carry out their project.
Interdisciplinary projects often trigger different cultural and academic crises of socialisation. These are not ignored by Geschichtswerkstatt Europa, but are instead thematised as an important part of the project work. These crises can be overcome by questioning and qualifying the significance of ones own cultural conditioning, while challenging the certainties of ones own knowledge by confronting it with other fundamental assumptions.
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Rasa Balockaite is lecturing at the Department of Social and Political Theory, Vytautas Magnus University in Lithuania. R.Balockaite is an active member of the New Left -95 (www.nk95.org) group, also she is a regular author of social critiques in the most popular Lithuanian internet news portal and cultural media in Lithuania, some of her publications were translated and published in Hungarian, Latvian and Bulgarian. Her research areas are: soviet, transition and post communist studies, colonial and postcolonial theory, mass media, popular consciousness, popular culture, and popular memory. R.Balockaite joined the “Geschichtswerkstatt Europa / layer of Remembrance” roject as it is closely linked to other research fields: the popular memories of Soviet period, Soviet everyday life realities, the pre political, everyday perceptions of Soviet regime etc. [description_en] => Assoc. prof. dr. Rasa Balockaite is lecturing at the Department of Social and Political Theory, Vytautas Magnus University in Lithuania. R.Balockaite is an active member of the New Left -95 (www.nk95.org) group, also she is a regular author of social critiques in the most popular Lithuanian internet news portal and cultural media in Lithuania, some of her publications were translated and published in Hungarian, Latvian and Bulgarian. Her research areas are: soviet, transition and post communist studies, colonial and postcolonial theory, mass media, popular consciousness, popular culture, and popular memory. R.Balockaite joined the “Geschichtswerkstatt Europa / layer of Remembrance” roject as it is closely linked to other research fields: the popular memories of Soviet period, Soviet everyday life realities, the pre political, everyday perceptions of Soviet regime etc. [officehours] => [room] => [building] => [department] => [joined] => [address2] => [resigned] => [groupselection] => 0 [agreement] => [publications_de] => [publications_en] => [member_pages] => a:1:{i:0;i:46;} [avatar] => media/avatars/member_150.jpg [description] => [workscope] => ) [1] => Array ( [id] => 148 [tstamp] => 1340109957 [firstname] => Andrei [lastname] => Kazakevich [dateOfBirth] => [gender] => [company] => [street] => [postal] => [city] => [state] => [country] => [phone] => [mobile] => [fax] => [email] => dummy@dummy.com [website] => [language] => [groups] => a:2:{i:0;s:1:"6";i:1;s:1:"1";} [login] => 1 [username] => andrei.kazakevich [password] => 4534a4149ef57a807f631aedd55f1b17af1e1c36:764f78ee9b257c1c1c607f4 [assignDir] => [homeDir] => [disable] => [start] => [stop] => [loginCount] => 3 [locked] => 0 [session] => [allowEmail] => email_member [publicFields] => a:29:{i:0;s:9:"firstname";i:1;s:8:"lastname";i:2;s:11:"dateOfBirth";i:3;s:6:"gender";i:4;s:7:"company";i:5;s:6:"street";i:6;s:6:"postal";i:7;s:4:"city";i:8;s:5:"state";i:9;s:7:"country";i:10;s:5:"phone";i:11;s:6:"mobile";i:12;s:3:"fax";i:13;s:5:"email";i:14;s:7:"website";i:15;s:8:"language";i:16;s:6:"avatar";i:17;s:5:"title";i:18;s:11:"description";i:19;s:14:"description_de";i:20;s:14:"description_en";i:21;s:15:"publications_de";i:22;s:15:"publications_en";i:23;s:8:"address2";i:24;s:4:"room";i:25;s:8:"building";i:26;s:10:"department";i:27;s:11:"officehours";i:28;s:9:"workscope";} [newsletter] => a:1:{i:0;s:0:"";} [activation] => [title] => [description_de] => I was born in Minsk in 1980. In 2002 I graduated from Law Faculty of Belarusian State University, Political Science Department (Minsk, Belarus) and became PhD student at the same department. The PhD paper was prepared in 2005 but wasn’t defended as a result of adverse political and academic conditions. I was forced to do it abroad. The thesis (Institute of Judicial Power of Belarus: political study) was prepared for defense at Vytautas Magnus University (Kaunas, Lithuania) and successfully defended in May of 2009. Since 2006 I’m a director and later an adviser of BA program “Political science and European studies” at European Humanities University (Vilnius, Lithuania), editor in chief of Journal of political studies “Political sphere” (www.palityka.org). Fields of science interest: Eastern European Politics, Belarusian Politics, Courts and Judicial Power, Political History and History of Political Ideas. For me the project in GWE is an opportunity to establish broader cooperation with researchers from Eastern and Central Europe and to conduct comparative study of memory politics in Lithuania, Belarus and Ukraine after Second Word War. [description_en] => I was born in Minsk in 1980. In 2002 I graduated from Law Faculty of Belarusian State University, Political Science Department (Minsk, Belarus) and became PhD student at the same department. The PhD paper was prepared in 2005 but wasn’t defended as a result of adverse political and academic conditions. I was forced to do it abroad. The thesis (Institute of Judicial Power of Belarus: political study) was prepared for defense at Vytautas Magnus University (Kaunas, Lithuania) and successfully defended in May of 2009. Since 2006 I’m a director and later an adviser of BA program “Political science and European studies” at European Humanities University (Vilnius, Lithuania), editor in chief of Journal of political studies “Political sphere” (www.palityka.org). Fields of science interest: Eastern European Politics, Belarusian Politics, Courts and Judicial Power, Political History and History of Political Ideas. For me the project in GWE is an opportunity to establish broader cooperation with researchers from Eastern and Central Europe and to conduct comparative study of memory politics in Lithuania, Belarus and Ukraine after Second Word War. 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I’ve defended my PhD in Institute of Sociology, National Academy of Sciences, Belarus on topic „Specificity of Collective Identity Formation in Youth Counterculture“. But I’ve changed profile of my research interests last years and I’m more interested in questions of historical and cultural memory, national and ethnic identity. I’m author of more than 40 scientific publications (19 articles) and editor of book on ethnic identity of Poles in Belarus (to be published in the beginning of 2012). I was participating in different research projects: “Projects of Nation and Identity. Belarus and Ukraine. 1990-2007” (Political Sphere, 2008-2009), “Memory of World War II in the City Landscape of Eastern Europe” (Geschichtswerkstatt Europa, 2009-2010), “Ways of Europeization of Belarus: Between Politics and Construction of Identity” (New Europe, 2010-2011), “Pronouncing Liberalization: Public Speeches and the Course of Belarusian Politics in 2008-2010” (Pontis Foundation/Belarusian Fund of Public Policy. 2011), “Politics of Memory and Construction of Identities in Borderlands: Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova (1991-2011)” (CASE, 2010-2011). [description_en] => I’m working at Institute of Political Studies „Political Sphere“ (Minsk-Vilnius, Belarus-Lithuania) as senior researcher, member of editorial board of „Belarusian Political Science Review“. I’ve defended my PhD in Institute of Sociology, National Academy of Sciences, Belarus on topic „Specificity of Collective Identity Formation in Youth Counterculture“. But I’ve changed profile of my research interests last years and I’m more interested in questions of historical and cultural memory, national and ethnic identity. I’m author of more than 40 scientific publications (19 articles) and editor of book on ethnic identity of Poles in Belarus (to be published in the beginning of 2012). I was participating in different research projects: “Projects of Nation and Identity. Belarus and Ukraine. 1990-2007” (Political Sphere, 2008-2009), “Memory of World War II in the City Landscape of Eastern Europe” (Geschichtswerkstatt Europa, 2009-2010), “Ways of Europeization of Belarus: Between Politics and Construction of Identity” (New Europe, 2010-2011), “Pronouncing Liberalization: Public Speeches and the Course of Belarusian Politics in 2008-2010” (Pontis Foundation/Belarusian Fund of Public Policy. 2011), “Politics of Memory and Construction of Identities in Borderlands: Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova (1991-2011)” (CASE, 2010-2011). 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Jahrhundert überlagern.
Weitere Fragen lauteten: Wie kristallisieren sich diese Erinnerungen in Museen, Denkmälern und an anderen Orten? Wie werden Erinnerungsmuster von Generation zu Generation in unterschiedlichen Kulturen geprägt? Wie verändert sich die Vermittlung von Vergangenheit nach dem Ableben der Zeitzeugen des Zweiten Weltkriegs?
[image] => media/ausschreibungen/schichten-der-erinnerung-key.jpg [title_en] => 2009 Layers of remembrance [description_en] =>In 2009 Geschichtswerkstatt Europa was focussing on ´layers of remembrance´, 28 international teams were analysing the ways in which Europe today remembers its many conflicts. The projects investigated how memories of violence, resistance, opposition, civilian courage and solidarity in the 20th century are layered and overlapped in villages, towns and regions.
Further questions posed were: how are these memories embodied in museums, memorials and other sites? How are patterns of memory shaped and passed down from generation to generation in different cultures? As there are fewer surviving contemporary witnesses of the Second World War, how is the articulation of the past changing?
[preview] => [archive] => 1 [parentJumpTo] => 0 [parentLink] => Die Eigenschaften des Eintrags anschauen [parentUrl] => abgelaufenes-projekt-details/items/cityscapes.html ) ) ) [pdf] => Array ( [label] => Methodenpapier [type] => file [raw] => media/projekte/Methodenpapier/Layers_City_Landscape_Eastern_Europe.pdf [value] => [files] => Array ( [0] => media/projekte/Methodenpapier/Layers_City_Landscape_Eastern_Europe.pdf ) [meta] => Array ( ) ) [blog] => Array ( [label] => Archiv des Blogs [type] => select [raw] => 47 [value] => Vilnius, Minsk, Kiev. Erinnerungslandschaften des Zweiten Weltkriegs [ref] => Array ( [0] => Array ( [id] => 47 [tstamp] => 1321522599 [title] => Vilnius, Minsk, Kiev. Erinnerungslandschaften des Zweiten Weltkriegs [jumpTo] => 123 [allowComments] => [notify] => notify_admin [template] => com_default [sortOrder] => ascending [perPage] => 0 [moderate] => [bbcode] => [requireLogin] => [disableCaptcha] => [protected] => [groups] => [makeFeed] => [format] => rss [language] => [source] => source_teaser [maxItems] => 25 [feedBase] => http://dev-typo.gwe.awicon-dresden.de/ [alias] => [description] => [dw_keywords] => [dw_description] => ) ) ) [title_de] => Array ( [label] => Name des Projekts, deutsch [type] => text [raw] => Vilnius, Minsk, Kiev. Erinnerungslandschaften des Zweiten Weltkriegs [value] => Vilnius, Minsk, Kiev. Erinnerungslandschaften des Zweiten Weltkriegs ) [title_en] => Array ( [label] => Name des Projekts, englisch [type] => text [raw] => Vilnius, Minsk, Kiev. Memory of the Second World War [value] => Vilnius, Minsk, Kiev. Memory of the Second World War ) [description_de] => Array ( [label] => Beschreibung des Projektes, deutsch [type] => longtext [raw] =>Das Hauptaugenmerk dieses Projektes liegt auf Konstituierung, Struktur und Wandel des urbanen Raums in Hauptstädten des östlichen Europa unter Einbeziehung des historischen Gedächtnisses des 2. Weltkrieges. Insbesondere möchten wir die Hauptstädte von Belarus, Litauen und der Ukraine (Minsk, Wilna und Kiew) in den Jahrzehnten politisch-ideologischer Repression durch die Sowjetunion analysieren; und zeigen wie sich das kommunistische Regime ikonografisch durch Codes und Symboliken in die städtischen Landschaften eingeschrieben haben. Diese Symbole, die gleichzeitig Legitimation von Macht und Gewalt darstellen, sind besispielsweise Gedenkstätten, Mahnmale, Straßennamen, öffentliche Plätze. Der Sieg im Großen Vaterländischen Krieg stellte die bedeutendste Rechtfertigung des sowjetischen Machtanspruches in der Region dar. Nach der politischen Wende streben die neuen Nationalstaaten nun eine neue Beschreibung und Gestaltung des städtischen Raumes mit nationaler Identifikation an.
[value] =>Das Hauptaugenmerk dieses Projektes liegt auf Konstituierung, Struktur und Wandel des urbanen Raums in Hauptstädten des östlichen Europa unter Einbeziehung des historischen Gedächtnisses des 2. Weltkrieges. Insbesondere möchten wir die Hauptstädte von Belarus, Litauen und der Ukraine (Minsk, Wilna und Kiew) in den Jahrzehnten politisch-ideologischer Repression durch die Sowjetunion analysieren; und zeigen wie sich das kommunistische Regime ikonografisch durch Codes und Symboliken in die städtischen Landschaften eingeschrieben haben. Diese Symbole, die gleichzeitig Legitimation von Macht und Gewalt darstellen, sind besispielsweise Gedenkstätten, Mahnmale, Straßennamen, öffentliche Plätze. Der Sieg im Großen Vaterländischen Krieg stellte die bedeutendste Rechtfertigung des sowjetischen Machtanspruches in der Region dar. Nach der politischen Wende streben die neuen Nationalstaaten nun eine neue Beschreibung und Gestaltung des städtischen Raumes mit nationaler Identifikation an.
) [description_en] => Array ( [label] => Beschreibung des Projektes, englisch [type] => longtext [raw] =>The main objective of this research project is the study of formation, structure and transformation of the urban landscape of Eastern European capitals as they incorporated the historical memory of WWII. We will study the capital cities Minsk (Belarus), Vilnius (Lithuania) and Kiev (Ukraine) in the decades of political and ideological repression by the Soviet Union after WWII until the collapse of the Soviet Union (1945-1991). We will analyse how the Communist regime fortified its governance by coding and monumentalising the urban landscape. These symbols, embodied in monuments, street names, monumental buildings and memorial sites, also legitimised Soviet power and violence. Victory in WWII represented the greatest justification of Soviet domination in the region. After the collapse of the Communist regime, Eastern European countries began to reconstruct the urban space to reflect the new national identity rather than the Soviet past.
[value] =>The main objective of this research project is the study of formation, structure and transformation of the urban landscape of Eastern European capitals as they incorporated the historical memory of WWII. We will study the capital cities Minsk (Belarus), Vilnius (Lithuania) and Kiev (Ukraine) in the decades of political and ideological repression by the Soviet Union after WWII until the collapse of the Soviet Union (1945-1991). We will analyse how the Communist regime fortified its governance by coding and monumentalising the urban landscape. These symbols, embodied in monuments, street names, monumental buildings and memorial sites, also legitimised Soviet power and violence. Victory in WWII represented the greatest justification of Soviet domination in the region. After the collapse of the Communist regime, Eastern European countries began to reconstruct the urban space to reflect the new national identity rather than the Soviet past.
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Das Hauptaugenmerk dieses Projektes liegt auf Konstituierung, Struktur und Wandel des urbanen Raums in Hauptstädten des östlichen Europa unter Einbeziehung des historischen Gedächtnisses des 2. Weltkrieges. Insbesondere möchten wir die Hauptstädte von Belarus, Litauen und der Ukraine (Minsk, Wilna und Kiew) in den Jahrzehnten politisch-ideologischer Repression durch die Sowjetunion analysieren; und zeigen wie sich das kommunistische Regime ikonografisch durch Codes und Symboliken in die städtischen Landschaften eingeschrieben haben. Diese Symbole, die gleichzeitig Legitimation von Macht und Gewalt darstellen, sind besispielsweise Gedenkstätten, Mahnmale, Straßennamen, öffentliche Plätze. Der Sieg im Großen Vaterländischen Krieg stellte die bedeutendste Rechtfertigung des sowjetischen Machtanspruches in der Region dar. Nach der politischen Wende streben die neuen Nationalstaaten nun eine neue Beschreibung und Gestaltung des städtischen Raumes mit nationaler Identifikation an.